It requires social programming to reduce resistance to the system.
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Maintaining these structures of power over other people’s lands and bodies requires purposeful acts of maintenance. HM Bark Endeavour and Captain Cook setting out on his voyage in 1764. Over time, the British Empire became the British Commonwealth of Nations, and even though the various colonial outposts established their own settler colonial governments, still land and self governance was never returned to the peoples of those lands. That global financial hierarchy still exists today in the international banking system, regulating global economic fundamentals such as free trade and third world debt. This arrangement was foundational in establishing a global finance system which ensured Europe’s financial domination over the countries it extracted from. The Doctrine of Discovery located and channelled indigenous wealth to Europe from every inhabited continent on the planet. The following centuries saw these European empires expanding across the globe, claiming lands, establishing colonies, and carrying this out through some of the most horrific acts of torture, abduction and mass-slaughter of men, women, children and babies that the world has seen. They also sculpted a societal reasoning of European superiority over all who are non-white and non-Christian, accompanied by a sense of supreme European entitlement to all non-white, non-Christian lands and resources. Importantly, these laws have never been rescinded since they were issued in the 15th century. Image: Arqivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Lisbon, Portugal. About midway through the bull, the Pope declares all sub-Saharan Africans henceforth be held in perpetual slavery. This papal bull legally granted Portugal the right to enslave any and all people they encounter south of Cape Bojador, on the coast of Western Sahara.
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Romanus pontifex, papal bull of Pope Nicolas V, Portugal, 8 January 1455. This then facilitated the European and transatlantic slave trade that eventually displaced over 13 million Africans.įollowing on from this decree were the papal bulls R omanus Pontifex and Inter Caetera which extended these rights out into the lands of the new world, proclaiming all non-Christians enemies of God, and commanding that the monarchy “for the defence and increase of the faith, vanquish them and their kingdoms and habitations, though situated in the remotest parts unknown to us” ( Romanus Pontifex). This papal bull accorded King Alfonso the right to seek out and capture others, and to “reduce their persons to perpetual slavery and commit them to his and their use and profit”. It recognised the Portuguese attacks upon West Africa as a type of holy crusade. One of the early papal bulls of this set, Dum Diversas, accorded rights to the King of Portugal to attack, conquer and subjugate Saracens (Muslims) and pagans (non-Christians). It gave the monarchies of Britain and Europe the right to conquer and claim lands, and to convert or kill the native inhabitants of those lands. The Doctrine of Discovery (also known as the Doctrine of Christian Discovery) is an international legal concept that has borne out a number of Catholic laws (called ‘papal bulls’) issued by the Vatican in the 15th and 16th centuries. To understand the ethics of commemorating Cook, we must go much further back in time, and begin the story in, of all places, medieval Rome. Ethical remembering calls upon us to understand the greater systems that commemoration belongs to, and how they can function to maintain injustice. Across the nation, communities will be recounting their perspectives of what this means for them, but there is arguably a bigger picture to be considering this year – the story of imperialism, and the religious doctrine that drove it across the globe. This year’s TUIA250 Cook commemorations are New Zealand’s response to the 250th anniversary of the inception of colonisation on this land. On the 250th anniversary of Captain James Cook arriving in Aotearoa, Tina Ngata looks at the whakapapa of colonisation in Aotearoa – the 15th and 16th century laws issued by the Catholic church that gave British and European monarchies permission to oppress and enslave indigenous people.